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The area is considered especially important from a wetland perspective because rivers such as the Tugela, Vemvane, Khubelu, Motete, Matseng and Malibamatso all have their origins in these alpine wetland systems. Notable mammals that inhabit these wetlands are domesticated sheep and horses, as well as ice rats. Within and close to the area of the MaS-LTSER are the Tšehlanyane National Park, Lucapa Diamond Mine, Letseng Diamond Mine, Matsoku Mine, Kao Mine, and Liqhobong Mine. Some of the alpine wetlands in the area are experiencing degradation, and there are some that can be considered severely degraded. Wetland degradation in this alpine region can lead to loss of ecosystem services as well as livelihood of the locals.

The dataset provides information about the ground surface temperature (10-cm depth) measured hourly (period 2014-2021) by the Col d'Olen AWS (Automatic Weather Station, Meteomont Service, Italian Army, coordinates: 45°52'31.42"N, 7°52'18.24"E; elevation: 2900 m a.s.l.), located close to the Istituto Scientifico Angelo Mosso.

Fletcherview Tropical Rangeland SuperSite was established in 2021 at James Cook University’s Fletcherview Research Station, a fully operational outback cattle station located 50 km west of Townsville, Queensland. The site is used for cattle grazing and is characterised by tall open savanna. The area around this SuperSite is used for cattle grazing. Black and red basalt soils and alluvial river flats support a wide variety of flora and fauna across open savanna woodland, dry rainforest, lava flows, three creek systems and the Burdekin River. The vegetation is dominated by native grasses such as blackspear and kangaroo grasses, as well as introduced species like buffel grass, signal grass and leucaena. Fletcherview typically experiences a dry and wet season, with most rainfall occurring between January and April. This site sits on Gugu-Badhun land.

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The retreat of the glaciers, Hallstätter Gletscher and Gosaugletscher, has made it possible to analyze primary succession. This retreat makes it possible to watch ecosystems grow, and chrono sequences emerge that allow a space-for-time substitution of vegetation development.

- Crown condition assessments (annual) - Soil water sampling (continuously) and analysis - Throughfall sampling (continuously) and analysis - Foliar sampling and analysis (every 2 years) - Solid soil analysis (every 10-15 years) - Increment measurements (every 5 years) - Ground vegetation analysis (every 5 years)

- Crown condition assessments (annual) - Soil water sampling (continuously) and analysis - Throughfall sampling (continuously) and analysis - Foliar sampling and analysis (every 2 years) - Increment measurements (DBH every 2-4 weeks, heights every 5 years) - Ground vegetation analysis (every 5 years) - Solid soil analysis (every 10-15 years)

Monitoring of plant succession in glacier forelands has so far been restricted to feld sampling. In this study, in situ vegetation sampling along a chronosequence between Little Ice Age (LIA) maximum extent and the recent glacier terminus at Jamtalferner in the Austrian Alps is compared to time series of the Normalized Diference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculated from 13 Landsat scenes (1985–2016). The glacier terminus positions at 16 dates between the LIA maximum and 2015 were analysed from historical maps, orthophotos and LiDAR images. We sampled plots of diferent ages since deglaciation, from very recent to approx. 150 years: after 100 years, roughly 80% of the ground is covered by plants and ground cover does not increase signifcantly thereafter. The number of species increases from 10–20 species on young sites to 40–50 species after 100 years. The NDVI increases with the time of exposure from a mean of 0.11 for 1985–1991 to 0.20 in 2009 and 0.27 in 2016. As the increase in ground cover is clearly reproduced by the NDVI (R² ground cover/NDVI 0.84) – even for sparsely vegetated areas –, we see a great potential of satellite-borne NDVI to perform regional characterizations of glacier forelands for hydrological, ecological and hazard management-related applications

Bolmen Research Station is located in Tiraholm, by Lake Bolmen in Hylte municipality. The research at the station primarily focuses on environmental monitoring, fish conservation and management, water conservation and the effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems.