Data on pollen is very valuable for many scientific questions relating to climate change, ecology and allergology. This data is analysed according to European standards by analysts at the Medical University of Vienna. At the Biologische Station Neusiedler See, a so-called pollen trap is used, which is positioned on the roof of the station and is maintained on a weekly basis. Air is sucked in and pollen particles adhere to a rotating adhesive film, allowing not only the detection of certain pollens, but also their temporal classification. This makes this method suitable for determining the pollen count and pollen forecasting.

DE-Okd is a permanent grassland site on drained organic soil located within the bog complex “Gnarrenburger Moor” in Northwest Germany, approximately 60 km north of the city of Bremen. The site has been used for fodder production over at least the last 30 years. The field is intensively managed with four to five grass cuts each year in combination with high nitrogen fertilization rates. The bog complex is located in a dairy region with about 80% of its area nowadays being used as grassland. The site is deeply drained with a horizontal drain spacing of 8 m and a drainage depth of about 0.7 m. Each drain pipe discharges into deep ditches at the edges of the field. The grass species composition consists mainly of Lolium perenne and to a lower extent of Festuca pratensis, Phleum pratense, and Poa pratensis. The soil/peat profile is classified as Ombric Drainic Fibric Histosol (Hyperorganic; IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015). Total peat depth at the site is at least 2.4 m. Peat type within the first five centimeters is amorphous peat, below 5 cm it is Sphagnum peat. In all horizons below 5 cm, the C:N ratio ranges between 48 and 76, pH values are <4, and the bulk density is <0.13 g cm-3.

The site of Toulouse (code ICOS FR-Tou) is located in southwestern France, in the city of Toulouse, over an experimental field at the premises of Meteo-France. The vegetation consists of a grassland cut at least once a year. The city of Toulouse is located in the semi-oceanic climate

The measuring site is located 100 m east of Arctic Station, Qeqertarsuaq, at a mesic heath tundra, Osterlien. Arctic Station is a permanently manned research station operated by the University of Copenhagen on Disko Island, West Greenland. The eddy covariance and climate stations has been operated since 2012, with minor changes in the configureation and setup.

The Florence urban station of the Ximeniano Observatory is located in the city center of Florence, Tuscany, Italy and it has been measuring eddy covariance fluxes of momentum, energy and CO2 since 2005. The overlap between the footprint area and the high-resolution land use map reveals that urbanized areas represent the outmost fraction of the footprint (> 94%) with respect to urban green areas that are almost absent (< 6%).

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The station Mejusseaume (ICOS code FR-Mej) is located on managed agricultural land (grazed grassland with occasional maize cropping seasons), around 10 km West of the city of Rennes in Brittany, NW France. The measurement site is part of the INRAE-PEGASE dairy experimental farm (IEPL) at Méjusseaume. The field is roughly rectangle-shaped (approx 170 m * 280 m), aligned NW-SE, with a surface area of 4.72 ha, at the centre of which the EC mast is located. The upwind distance to the field edge (fetch) in the prevailing wind direction (SW) is in the range 90-110m. There is also a significant contribution by NE winds at the site (generally late winter and spring). The field is surrounded by similarly managed fields - mostly grazed grassland -, except for a small woodland patch to the North-West. Intensively-managed grazed grassland, with rotational cattle grazing phases 4-6 times per year. Grassland ploughed up every 5 years in spring, followed by one-season maize crop, sown back to grassland in autumn the same year. Surrounded by fields with similar land use (permanent grassland, or long-term grassland-maize rotation). Tree hedges on 3 out of 4 field boundaries. Organic and mineral fertilization (average 100 kg N ha-1 yr-1).

The site Arca di Noe - Le Prigionette (ICOS site code IT-Noe) is located in the Porto Conte Regional Natural Park, inside a public area of about 1200 hectares, about 20 km west of Alghero in the province of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy). The characteristic Macchia Mediterranea is the typical ecosystem of this station, including species as Juniperus phoenicea L., Pistacia lentiscus L., Phillyrea angustifolia L., Genista spp., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Chamaerops humilis L..

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