Description of terms used in the columns SOS, EOS and POS.

Vegetation data of Rosalia Lehrforst, Austria, between the years 1977 and 1981. Location (Lat, Lon) known within 100-200m

Vegetation survey data of the 0,25 ha study area at the Tatrzanski National Park, Poland (LTER_EU_PL_017) between the years 2001 and 2019. The percentage cover of every vascular plant was determined on permanently marked subplots (25 m²) in the 120-year-old spruce stand.

Vegetation relieves from the plots of the BIOHOLZ dead wood experiment.

Vegetation survey data of the 6,3 ha study area Slowiński National Park, Poland (LTER_EU_PL_014) between the years 2001 and 2011. The percentage cover of every vascular plant was determined on permanently marked subplots (25 m²) in the 90-year-old spruce and pine stand.

Vegetation relieves from the the monitoring of wind throws.

Long-term forest vegetation data from LTER Zöbelboden Austria (1993-2021). Over the 90 ha study area, a rectangular grid of 100 by 100 m with 10x10 m permanent plots at every grid corner and the middle points (totaling to 165, excluding rock outcrops, and young plantations of less than 20 years) was established in 1993. Vegetation resurveys were made in 2005, 2010, 2014, 2017 and 2021. All vascular plant species occurring at the plots were recorded and their cover was estimated. See further information in the methods section and in the following papers: Hülber, K., T. Dirnböck, et al. (2008). Long-term impacts of nitrogen and sulphur deposition on forest floor vegetation in the Northern limestone Alps, Austria. Applied Vegetation Science 11: 395-404. Helm, N., F. Essl, et al. (2017). Multiple environmental changes drive forest floor vegetation composition in a temperate mountain forest. Journal of Ecology and Evolution 7: 2155–2168.

Vegetation relieves from the the monitoring of wind throws.

Vegetation relieves from the the monitoring of wind throws.

Leaf area index (LAI) (based on Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) measurements) at the two ICP-IM intensive plots (station codes 700 and 2900) at the 90 ha study site LTER Zöbelboden, Austria.