long wave radiation
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Antizana 15 alpha Glacier is one of the 17 tongues of the Antizana volcanoe in Ecuador, from 4820 to 5760 m a.s.l..
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Zongo Glacier is located in the Huayna Potosi region (Cordillera Real, Bolivia) 30 km north of La Paz city, between the dry Altiplano plateau in the west and the wet Amazonian basin in the east, under outer tropics meteorological conditions (strong seasonality in precipitation, low seasonality in temperature).
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Concordia is a joint French-Italian research facility opened in 2005 on the Antarctic Plateau, Antarctica (-75.1, 123.33), managed together by PNRA (Italian National Antarctic Programme) and IPEV (Institut Polaire Francais Paul Emile Victor). It is built at 3,233 m above sea level on the third highest summit of Antarctica: Dome C.
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Mera glacier (MER) is located in Nepal, near the Khumbu valley. This glacier is free debris cover. Mas sbalance and dynaic measurements were initiaited in 2007. In addition, meteorological observations complete the data base. 2 weather stations are on the moraine and on the glacier itself. MER is a part of the French Glacier Observatory GLACIOCLIM/CRYOBS-CLIM. All the series on Mera glacier (MER) are unique and necessary for glaciological studies because Himalaya is still partly unknown in terms of future evolution. Data permit to calibrate models in order to determine future glacier evolution. Mera data are also unique to test hydrological model in the catchment.
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Saint-Sorlin glacier (SSO) is located in the Arvan valley, between 2700 and 3400 m altitude. The glacier is situated in the Grandes Rousses massif, and one of the glaciers with longest records of glacier mass balance worldwide. Data series are continuous and cover few decades (more than 50 years of mass balance measurements).This site is also characterized by the complete glaciological parameters performed annually to complete annual and seasonnal mass balance : ice velocity, ice thickness variation, snout position.In addition, meteorological observations complete the data base. 1 weather station, running since 2005, is located on the moraine, close to the snout of the glacier. SSO is a part of the French Glacier Observatory GLACIOCLIM/CRYOBS-CLIM.
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This is a Sphagnum dominated peatland located in the Pyrennées mountain.
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The Venedigerkees in the Hohe Tauern National Park is the easternmost tributary glacier to the former tongue of Obersulzbachkees. As a result of the strong retreat of Obersulzbachkees, the glacier disintegrated into several tributary glaciers, with a large lake remaining at the location of a famous serac zone, the 'Türkische Zeltstadt'. Mass balance of the Venedigerkees is measured since 2011/12 with the direct or glaciological method. Furthermore, an automatic weather station was built between Venedigerkees and Keeskogel in 2018.
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The Gourma mesoscale site (Mali) is part of the AMMA-CATCH observation network. Its characteristics are as follows :a 30000 km² endoreic area in semi arid climate. The studies are dedicated to vegetation monitoring in a pastoral environment.
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This site experienced peat extraction. It contains Sphagnum plots and Vaccinium oxycoccos, but the peatland is dominated by graminoids forming tussocks.
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The Oueme mesoscale site (Benin) is part of the AMMA-CATCH observation network. Its characteristics are as follows a 14000 km² basin in sudanian climate on a crystaline basement. The studies focus on the hydrological cycle, the water budget and the hydrological processes.