In this datapaper we describe the dataset of the Global Change, Altitudinal Range Shift and Colonization of Degraded Habitats in Mediterranean Mountains (MIGRAME) project, which aims to asses the capacity of altitudinal migration and colonization of marginal habitats by Quecurs pyreanica Willd. forests in Sierra Nevada (southern Spain) considering two global change drivers: temperature increase and land use changes. The dataset includes information of the forest structure (diameter size, tree height and abundance) of the Quercus pyrenaica ecosystem in Sierra Nevada obtaided from 199 transect sampled at the treeline ecotone, mature forest and marginal habitats (abandoned cropland and pine plantations). A total of 3839 occurence records were collected and 5751 measurement recorded. The dataset is included in the Sierra Nevada Global-Change Observatory (OBSNEV), a long-term research project designed to compile socio-ecological information on the major ecosystem types in order to identify the impacts of global change in this area.

This dataset presents hourly raw data on gaseous atmospheric pollutants as sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO/NO2/NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), methane (CH4) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC); and atmospheric particulate matter (PM10) at different locations in the Sierra Nevada National Park (southeastern Iberian Peninsula, Granada, Spain) during the period October 2022 - September 2023. The dataset is derived from two different measurements platforms, one fixed and one mobile. The fixed platform is sited at the Mojón del Trigo Observatory, a high-altitude remote station located in the north side of Sierra Nevada mountain range (SNS, 37.09° N, 3.38° W, 2605 m asl). This station is one of the main facilities of AGORA (Andalusian Global ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere). The mobile measurement platform is a mobile atmospheric observation unit (UMOVIL), that was moving through rural locations with different characteristics, on the south side of Sierra Nevada (ORG, 36.90° N, 3.42° W, 453 m asl; PAM, 36.94° N, 3.36° W, 1134 m asl; CAP, 36.96° N - 3.36° W, 1451 m asl). The dataset was recorded by gaseous and particulate matter analysers. The NO/NO2/NOx analyser (Thermo Scientific, model 42i in UMOVIL and 42i-TL in SNS) is based on the principle of chemiluminescence; the SO2 analyser (Thermo Scientific, model 43i in UMOVIL and 43i-TLE in SNS) is based on the principle of pulsed fluorescence; the CO analyser (Thermo Scientific, model 48i at both measurement platforms) is based on the measurement principle of non-dispersive infrared spectrometry (NDIR); the O3 analyser (Thermo Scientific, model 49i at both measurement platforms) is based on the principle of ultraviolet photometry; the PM10 analyser (Thermo Scientific, model TEOM 1405 at both measurement sites) is based on the gravimetric method for a direct determination of mass particles; and the hydrocarbons analyser (Synspec, model GC955-114 at both measurement platforms) is based on the principle of gas chromatography. The dataset presents hourly mean concentration of each species in micrograms per cubic meter.

This dataset gathers the data of the specimens present in the Zoological Collections of the University of Granada (CCZ-UGR) and coming from Sierra Nevada. As a result of the process of adaptation and improvement of the primary data, 10,005 records have been selected out of the 32,120 catalogued, corresponding to 55,292 specimens out of the 136,837 that are currently catalogued. These figures reveal the important representation of the fauna of the Sierra Nevada, approximately one third of the CCZ-UGR.

Sierra Nevada mountain range (southern Spain) hosts a high number of endemic plant species, being one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in the Mediterranean basin. The high-mountain meadow ecosystems (borreguiles) harbour a large number of endemic and threatened plant species. In this data paper, we describe a dataset of the flora inhabiting this threatened ecosystem in this Mediterranean mountain. The dataset includes occurrence data for flora collected in those ecosystems in two periods: 1988-1990 and 2009-2013. A total of 11002 records of occurrences belonging to 19 orders, 28 families 52 genera were collected. 73 taxa were recorded with 29 threatened taxa. We also included data of cover-abundance and phenology attributes for the records. The dataset is included in the Sierra Nevada Global-Change Observatory (OBSNEV), a long-term research project designed to compile socio-ecological information on the major ecosystem types in order to identify the impacts of global change in this area.

This data set comprises information collected in field about the monitoring of the butterfly communities of Sierra Nevada since 2008. The data set has been compiled in up to 20 different locations, where butterfly communities estimations have been carried out following the internationally standardised line transect method. The data have been collected from the months of March to October with a variable periodicity between sites and between years. Usually, the periodicity has approached a sampling every two weeks. The data collection has always been carried out in suitable climatic conditions. The community of butterflies of Sierra Nevada is of high interest at European level given the values of diversity detected. In total, 101,424 individuals belonging to 102 species and 1 subspecies have been detected, distributed among 64 genera and 5 different families. The sampled habitats include aquatic systems, autochthonous scot pine forests, high mountain grasslands, high mountain meadows, high mountain scrubland, holm oak forests, lowland crops, lowland scrublands, mid mountain grasslands, mid mountain scrubland, mountain crops, pine plantations and pyrenean oak forests.

We describe a dataset of Passerine bird communities in Sierra Nevada, a Mediterranean high-mountain located in southern Spain. The dataset includes occurrences data from bird surveys carried out in four representative ecosystem types of Sierra Nevada from 2008 to 2015. For each contact both birds number and distance to transect line were recorded. A total of 27847 occurrences records were collected and 55694 measurements recorded. All records belong to Passeriformes order. 16 families and 44 genera were collected. Most of the taxa of the dataset are included in the European Red List. This dataset belongs to the Sierra Nevada Global-Change Observatory (OBSNEV), a long-term research project designed to compile socio-ecological information on the major ecosystem types in order to identify the impacts of global change in this area.

This dataset collects the available information on abundances of stoneflies, caddisflies and aquatic beetles present in the streams and rivers of the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain) from different sources. Data include the location of the sampling sites where these insects were recorded, the available abiotic characteristics of their habitats and information on the number of individuals, the life stage in which they were collected and, for adults, their sex. All data coming from reaches belonging to streams and rivers above 800 m of altitude have been considered (not including records of these insects from high mountain lakes or other lentic habitats). The dataset is composed of 1,718 sampling events carried out between 1905 and 2022 in approximately 60 different water bodies, 15,347 occurrences belonging to more than 203,000 individuals, and 10,173 records of associated measurements (23 physico-chemical parameters). The dataset is the result of a comprehensive review of scientific literature and of integrating the Smart EcoMountains project data and the Sierra Nevada Global-Change Observatory’s long-term monitoring data. This information will be valuable for those studying past distributions and abundances of the species present in the dataset, as a basis for building predictive models or just studying temporal trends.

Presence/absence data for vascular plant species and their endemic category along an elevational gradient about 1500 m (starting at 2000 m. a.s.l. towards the Mulhacén summit at 3480 m. a.s.l.). Period of field survey has been 15.07.2016 to 15.09.2016. 20 vegetation plots in total (hexagonal plot design, plot = 23,8 m², divided into 6 subplots and 3 further sub-subplots). Estimated cover in % of vegetation, open soil, percentage of rocks, stones, sand and litter per subplot. Leaf colours (measured by the Munsell colour chart) were taken for the dominant species within each plot. A magnet was buried in the centre of each plot for further re-identification.

Present dataset compiles all the vascular plant taxa existing in Sierra Nevada, together with relevant features including taxonomical, morphological-ecological traits, distribution, habitats, conservation status and abundance. Data were compiled according to all the available information sources on taxonomy, ecology and plant-species distribution. The resulting dataset includes 2,348 taxa belonging to 1,937 species, 377 subspecies and 34 hybrids, and with a total of 756 genera and 146 families represented in the collection. The data were compiled according to all the available information sources on taxonomy, ecology, and plant‐species distribution. The resulting data set includes 2,348 taxa belonging to 1,937 species, 377 subspecies and 34 hybrids, from a total of 756 genera and 146 families represented in the collection. For each taxa, together with taxonomical information (Phylum, Class, Family, Genus, Taxa), we compiled plant traits (life‐form, spinescence, flower symmetry, flower sexuality, plant gender, androecium:gynoecium ratio, flower color, perianth type, pollinator type, flowering, seed dispersal, vegetative reproduction), and their environmental association (origin, endemic character, general distribution, substrate, elevation, habitat, local abundance, hygrophilous behavior, conservation status).

This dataset provides long-term information about Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica Schimper, 1848) presence in Sierra Nevada (SE Iberian Peninsula), as a result of annual sampling from 1993 to 2018 done by the managers of the Sierra Nevada Natural and National Park. They carried out the transects collecting different variables such as the number of individuals observed, the perpendicular distance of each group of goats to the transect line and, at an individual level and sex as well as age of individuals in the case of males. These data enabled the calculation of population parameters such as density, sex ratio, birth rate and age structure. These parameters are key for Iberian ibex conservation and management, given that Sierra Nevada harbours the largest population of this species in the Iberian Peninsula. The data set we present is structured using the Darwin Core biological standard, which contains 3,091 events (582 transect walk events and 2,509 group sighting events), 5,396 occurrences, and 2,502 measurements. The occurrences include the sightings of 11,436 individuals (grouped by sex and age) from 1993 to 2018 in a total of 88 transects distributed along Sierra Nevada, of which 33 have been continuously sampled since 2008.