We monitor fine-scale grassland dynamics in permanent plots in 16 grassland patches at an annual basis since 1999. Patches dominated by either Stipa borysthenica or Festuca vaginata were selected in 1999 in the Fülöpháza Sand Dunes, in the Kiskunság National Park. In each patch, we have one control plot and two plots that were experimentally disturbed (digging or cutting) in 1999. Percentage cover of all vascular species were visually estimated in each year. During the study period, several drought events occurred in the area (2000, 2003, 2012, 2013), which affected species dominance. Drought caused high mortality in both dominant species, but Stipa recovered faster after drought events and gained importance. Years with average or above-average precipitation favoured Festuca recovery.

Botanical monitoring of grazing livestock on several pastures (hungarian gray cattle, Przewalski hourses, white donkeys,...) with permanent plots.

The area was used as small-scale ploughland and vineyards between app. 1900 and 1960. From 1960 it was gradually abandoned and became a part of the Kiskunsag National Park. We distinguished 4 age-groups of old-fields according to the time of the abandonment: 1–6, 7–11, 12–25 és 26–35 years old abandoned fields in year 2000. In every age-group 10–10 (total 40) 4 m × 4 m large permanent vegetation survey plot were established. We made vegetation survey (presence and cover of every vascular plant species) in the year 2000, 2008, 2010, 2015, 2017 and 2020.

Data for pH, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, Cl-, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ concentrations of bulk precipitation and throughfall, deposition of major ions and heavy metals (Pb and Cd), rainfall amount, temperature, humidity and some soil properties of the beech and spruce sample plots for 2012 year