Soil moisture and temperature profiles (0- ~5m) in various types of soil/vegetation.

Rainfall measurements collected since 2005 (Long Observation Period) by recording raingauges deployed in the densified area : 1.2-1.9°W/15-15.7°N, up to 18 gages. NB: Negative values are missing values. Negative value other than -9999.9 is missing value estimated from the bucket. For a period with such missing data, although the same value is indicated for each timestep, the value applies to the whole time period.

Flood event measured in 4 (Tondikiboro) and 2 (Mele Haoussa) embeded catchments. Sediment loads are sampled during selected rainfall events in Tondikiboro.

Aboveground herbaceous mass, vegetation cover fraction, LAI are monitored in sites located within the Hombori super-site and representatives of the 3 main components of the landscape: sand dunes (Agoufou, Hombori Hondo, Tara and Timbadior), erosion surface (Eguerit), seasonally inundated clay soils (Kelma plain) and millet (Bilantao). For mass estimation, the herbaceous layer is monitored using a stratified random technique. Measurements are performed at least every month during the rainy season, from June to mid-October and twice during the dry season. LAI is estimated using hemispherical photographs. For the Kelma forest, hemispherical photographs are also used to derive the Plant Area Index (PAI).

Rainfall measurements collected since 1999 by 5 recording raingauges deployed over the East Niger (Tillaberi, Konni, Tahoua, Maradi, Zinder). NB: Negative values are missing values. Negative value other than -9999.9 is missing value estimated from the bucket. For a period with such missing data, although the same value is indicated for each timestep, the value applies to the whole time period.

Observation of the seasonal cover dynamics and funtionning. States of each phenophase were recorded using the following classification: 0 = absent, 1 = beginning, buds for leaves and flowers and early stage of maturity for fruits, 2 = weak, 10-50% of the shrub covered with mature or ripe organs, 3 = peak, over 50% of the shrub covered with mature or ripe organs, 4 = declining, 10-50% of the shrub covered with senescent organs (dissemination beginning for fruits), 5 = end, over 50% of the shrub covered with senescent, dry and falling organs.

Soil moisture, temperature and succion profiles (0-~3m) along three catenae. Each catena is covered by a different vegetation type : herbaceous fallow (Nalohou), shrub fallow (Bira) and dry forest (Béléfoungou). On each catena, three stations are distributed on top, middle and bottom of a hillslope.

Rainfall measurements collected since 2003 by a network of daily reading raingauges deployed in the Hombori super site.

Local observers record water level and take photographs of the scale every 10 days during the wet season and about once a month during the dry season. For turbidity, water sample are collected by local observer, every 10 days during the wet season and about once a month during the dry season, and sent by bus to Bamako for analyzing turbidity using a turbidimeter. A value of turbidity of 1001 stands for a value exceeding the sensor sensitivity.

Monitoring of water redistribution and transfert in a sand dune system at different depths along hillslopes by manual measurements performed with portable probes (ML2 and PR2 Delta-T) during intensive field campaigns during the rainy season. Field measurements using the portable probes are performed every 10 to 15 days during the rainy season and every 2 months during the dry season.